Throughout human history, people have used the tools around them to make tools for their daily lives. Initially, the purpose of making these tools was to meet basic needs and evolve with the growth of human beings for religious and political purposes. In this article, we try to examine the process of using marble in the history of art.

Mesopotamia

For millions of years, mankind has used marble and metamorphic stones to make smooth, Machin able surfaces. In Mesopotamian civilization, marble was used to build and shape volumes of natural and imaginary animals. The use of other stones such as diorite and limestone has also been common.

Egypt

In Egyptian civilization, various types of stones were used in sculpture, among which marble and granite were mostly used. They used more marble to make shapes such as the pharaoh gods, the capitals of the temple guards. Many researchers believe that the use of marble is better cut than other stones and it is easy to create details of faces and clothes in the stone.

Greece

During the Archaic period in Greece, which was in the eighth century BC. Artists made extensive use of marble in sculpture. Although the artists' work style is realistic, the sculptures are not natural, and their proportions of size and movement have been exaggerated.

During the classical period of Greece 300 to 500 BC. The use of marble in the production of works of art increased among artists. The artists of this period had a high skill in highlighting and creating more details in the sculptures.

During the Hellenistic period 323 BC to 31 AD. Artists began to produce sculptures with natural and moving behavior that can be seen in many Greek works.

Roman

In Roman civilization, sculptural works are divided into two groups: portraits and busts adapted from Greek bronze sculptures.

During the Roman Empire, 31 BC to 476 AD, marble was replaced by bronze statues, and most of the statues were made in full height.

Europe in the middle Ages

During the Middle Ages (5th to 15th centuries AD), Italian artists made sculptures from stones whose mines were supplied from around their area of ​​residence, or pieces that had been destroyed in war. Unlike ancient sculptures, artists transformed marble into sculptures in the style of realism or in simple images, and the faces and limbs were in their natural size, or were used as small sculptures in the sanctuaries of churches.

Outside of Italy, artists were also interested in sculpture, but using materials such as other stones. Iron and wood were used to create works. Because marble was not readily available and its price was high. Therefore, it was used in small and limited sizes.

Renaissance

During the Renaissance (14th to 17th centuries), artists changed classical art extensively. One of the elements of Renaissance art was the revival of stone sculptures and the widespread use of marble in sculpture.

Renaissance in Italy

During the Renaissance in Italy, artists became interested in natural designs and naturalism. However, famous artists such as Leonardo da Vinci and Butigli became more famous in the field of painting and drawing. Michelangelo became known as a famous sculptor in this era and mainly used marble in sculpture. One of his masterpieces is the statue of David.

Northern Renaissance

The influence of the Italian Renaissance on the northern Alpine countries, such as the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, France and Britain, is called the Northern Renaissance. In these countries, a special and new style similar to the Italian grids flourished, and like Italian artists, the artists of these countries made a great change in their classical style, although they used less marble and more iron and wood. One of the most famous marble sculptures of this period was the statue of Moses by the Dutch artist Kloss Slot.

Baroque period

In the Baroque period of the early 17th century to the end of the 18th century, there was a great interest in creating dramatic works with complex appearances and many decorations. Marble sculptures in this period were made by artists such as Gian Lorenzo and Bernini, which are seen with intricate details and patterns, and behavior and movements on the face and limbs.

New era

Modern artists such as Constantine Brancoshi distanced themselves from the methods and designs of earlier periods and combined marble pieces with geometric and abstract lines and primitive motifs.